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Geoscientific Model Development
An interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union
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IF 5.154
5.697CiteScore
5.56SNIP 1.761
SJR 3.164
index 59h5-index 49
Abstracted/indexed
Abstracted/indexed
Volume 7, issue 3
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1069–1092, 2014
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1069-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1069-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue: Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean - NEMO
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1069–1092, 2014
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1069-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1069-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Model description paper 06 Jun 2014
Model description paper | 06 Jun 2014
GO5.0: the joint NERC–Met Office NEMO global ocean model for use in coupled and forced applications
A. Megann et al.Related authors
David Storkey, Adam T. Blaker, Pierre Mathiot, Alex Megann, Yevgeny Aksenov, Edward W. Blockley, Daley Calvert, Tim Graham, Helene T. Hewitt, Patrick Hyder, Till Kuhlbrodt, Jamie G. L. Rae, and Bablu Sinha
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3187–3213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3187-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3187-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We document the latest version of the shared UK global configuration of the
NEMO ocean model. This configuration will be used as part of the climate
models for the UK contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report.
30-year integrations forced with atmospheric forcing show that the new
configurations have an improved simulation in the Southern Ocean with the
near-surface temperatures and salinities and the sea ice all matching the
observations more closely.
Malcolm J. Roberts, Alex Baker, Ed W. Blockley, Daley Calvert, Andrew Coward, Helene T. Hewitt, Laura C. Jackson, Till Kuhlbrodt, Pierre Mathiot, Christopher D. Roberts, Reinhard Schiemann, Jon Seddon, Benoît Vannière, and Pier Luigi Vidale
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4999–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4999-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4999-2019, 2019
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We investigate the role that horizontal grid spacing plays in global coupled climate model simulations, together with examining the efficacy of a new design of simulation experiments that is being used by the community for multi-model comparison. We found that finer grid spacing in both atmosphere and ocean–sea ice models leads to a general reduction in bias compared to observations, and that once eddies in the ocean are resolved, several key climate processes are greatly improved.
Vidya Varma, Olaf Morgenstern, Paul Field, Kalli Furtado, Jonny Williams, and Patrick Hyder
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-884, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-884, 2019
Manuscript under review for ACP
Short summary
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Present generation of global climate models have an insufficiently reflected short-wave radiation, especially over the Southern Ocean. This leads to an excessive heating of the ocean surface in the model, creating sea surface temperature biases and subsequent problems with atmospheric dynamics. Misrepresentation of clouds is attributed to this radiation bias and we try to address this issue by slowing the growth rate of ice-crystals and improving the supercooled liquid clouds in the model.
Marina Tonani, Peter Sykes, Robert R. King, Niall McConnell, Anne-Christine Péquignet, Enda O'Dea, Jennifer A. Graham, Jeff Polton, and John Siddorn
Ocean Sci., 15, 1133–1158, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1133-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1133-2019, 2019
Short summary
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A new high-resolution ocean model at 1.5 km has replaced the 7 km system for delivering short-term forecasts of the North-West European Shelf seas. The products (temperature, salinity, currents, and sea surface height) are available on the Copernicus Marine Service catalogue. This study focuses on the high-resolution impact on the quality of the products delivered to the users. Results show that the high-resolution model is better at resolving the variability of the physical variables.
Huw W. Lewis, John Siddorn, Juan Manuel Castillo Sanchez, Jon Petch, John M. Edwards, and Tim Smyth
Ocean Sci., 15, 761–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-761-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-761-2019, 2019
Short summary
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Oceans are modified at the surface by winds and by the exchange of heat with the atmosphere. The effect of changing atmospheric information that is available to drive an ocean model of north-west Europe, which can simulate small-scale details of the ocean state, is tested. We show that simulated temperatures agree better with observations located near the coast around the south-west UK when using data from a high-resolution atmospheric model, and when atmosphere and ocean feedbacks are included.
Huw W. Lewis, Juan Manuel Castillo Sanchez, John Siddorn, Robert R. King, Marina Tonani, Andrew Saulter, Peter Sykes, Anne-Christine Pequignet, Graham P. Weedon, Tamzin Palmer, Joanna Staneva, and Lucy Bricheno
Ocean Sci., 15, 669–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-669-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-669-2019, 2019
Short summary
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Forecasts of ocean temperature, salinity, currents, and sea height can be improved by linking state-of-the-art ocean and wave models, so that they can interact to better represent the real world. We test this approach in an ocean model of north-west Europe which can simulate small-scale details of the ocean state. The intention is to implement the system described in this study for operational use so that improved information can be provided to users of ocean forecast data.
Adam W. Bateson, Daniel L. Feltham, David Schröder, Lucia Hosekova, Jeff K. Ridley, and Yevgeny Aksenov
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-44, 2019
Revised manuscript under review for TC
Short summary
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The Arctic sea ice cover has been observed to be reducing, particularly in summer. We use numerical models to gain insight into processes controlling its seasonal and decadal evolution. Sea ice is made of pieces of ice called floes. Models previously have set these floes to be the same size, which is not supported by observations. In this study we show that accounting for variable floe size reveals the importance of sea ice regions close to the open ocean in driving seasonal retreat of sea ice.
David Storkey, Adam T. Blaker, Pierre Mathiot, Alex Megann, Yevgeny Aksenov, Edward W. Blockley, Daley Calvert, Tim Graham, Helene T. Hewitt, Patrick Hyder, Till Kuhlbrodt, Jamie G. L. Rae, and Bablu Sinha
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3187–3213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3187-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3187-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We document the latest version of the shared UK global configuration of the
NEMO ocean model. This configuration will be used as part of the climate
models for the UK contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report.
30-year integrations forced with atmospheric forcing show that the new
configurations have an improved simulation in the Southern Ocean with the
near-surface temperatures and salinities and the sea ice all matching the
observations more closely.
Fabrice Ardhuin, Yevgueny Aksenov, Alvise Benetazzo, Laurent Bertino, Peter Brandt, Eric Caubet, Bertrand Chapron, Fabrice Collard, Sophie Cravatte, Jean-Marc Delouis, Frederic Dias, Gérald Dibarboure, Lucile Gaultier, Johnny Johannessen, Anton Korosov, Georgy Manucharyan, Dimitris Menemenlis, Melisa Menendez, Goulven Monnier, Alexis Mouche, Frédéric Nouguier, George Nurser, Pierre Rampal, Ad Reniers, Ernesto Rodriguez, Justin Stopa, Céline Tison, Clément Ubelmann, Erik van Sebille, and Jiping Xie
Ocean Sci., 14, 337–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, 2018
Short summary
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The Sea surface KInematics Multiscale (SKIM) monitoring mission is a proposal for a future satellite that is designed to measure ocean currents and waves. Using a Doppler radar, the accurate measurement of currents requires the removal of the mean velocity due to ocean wave motions. This paper describes the main processing steps needed to produce currents and wave data from the radar measurements. With this technique, SKIM can provide unprecedented coverage and resolution, over the global ocean.
Huw W. Lewis, Juan Manuel Castillo Sanchez, Jennifer Graham, Andrew Saulter, Jorge Bornemann, Alex Arnold, Joachim Fallmann, Chris Harris, David Pearson, Steven Ramsdale, Alberto Martínez-de la Torre, Lucy Bricheno, Eleanor Blyth, Victoria A. Bell, Helen Davies, Toby R. Marthews, Clare O'Neill, Heather Rumbold, Enda O'Dea, Ashley Brereton, Karen Guihou, Adrian Hines, Momme Butenschon, Simon J. Dadson, Tamzin Palmer, Jason Holt, Nick Reynard, Martin Best, John Edwards, and John Siddorn
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1-2018, 2018
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In the real world the atmosphere, oceans and land surface are closely interconnected, and yet prediction systems tend to treat them in isolation. Those feedbacks are often illustrated in natural hazards, such as when strong winds lead to large waves and coastal damage, or when prolonged rainfall leads to saturated ground and high flowing rivers. For the first time, we have attempted to represent some of the feedbacks between sky, sea and land within a high-resolution forecast system for the UK.
Enda O'Dea, Rachel Furner, Sarah Wakelin, John Siddorn, James While, Peter Sykes, Robert King, Jason Holt, and Helene Hewitt
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2947–2969, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2947-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2947-2017, 2017
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An update to an ocean modelling configuration for the European North West Shelf is described. It is assessed against observations and climatologies for 1981–2012. Sensitivities in the model configuration updates are assessed to understand changes in the model system. The model improves upon an existing model of the region, although there remain some areas with significant biases. The paper highlights the dependence upon the quality of the river inputs.
Daniel B. Williamson, Adam T. Blaker, and Bablu Sinha
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1789–1816, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1789-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1789-2017, 2017
Short summary
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We present a method from the statistical science literature to assist in the tuning of global climate models submitted to CMIP. We apply the method to the NEMO ocean model and find choices of its free parameters that lead to improved representations of depth integrated global mean temperature and salinity. We argue against automatic tuning procedures that involve optimising certain outputs of a model and explain why our method avoids common difficulties with/arguments against automatic tuning.
Jason Holt, Patrick Hyder, Mike Ashworth, James Harle, Helene T. Hewitt, Hedong Liu, Adrian L. New, Stephen Pickles, Andrew Porter, Ekaterina Popova, J. Icarus Allen, John Siddorn, and Richard Wood
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 499–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-499-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-499-2017, 2017
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Accurately representing coastal and shelf seas in global ocean models is one of the grand challenges of Earth system science. Here, we explore what the options are for improving this by exploring what the important physical processes are that need to be represented. We use a simple scale analysis to investigate how large the resulting models would need to be. We then compare this with how computer power is increasing to provide estimates of when this might be feasible in the future.
Helene T. Hewitt, Malcolm J. Roberts, Pat Hyder, Tim Graham, Jamie Rae, Stephen E. Belcher, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Dan Copsey, Andrew Coward, Catherine Guiavarch, Chris Harris, Richard Hill, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Gurvan Madec, Matthew S. Mizielinski, Erica Neininger, Adrian L. New, Jean-Christophe Rioual, Bablu Sinha, David Storkey, Ann Shelly, Livia Thorpe, and Richard A. Wood
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3655–3670, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3655-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3655-2016, 2016
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We examine the impact in a coupled model of increasing atmosphere and ocean horizontal resolution and the frequency of coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. We demonstrate that increasing the ocean resolution from 1/4 degree to 1/12 degree has a major impact on ocean circulation and global heat transports. The results add to the body of evidence suggesting that ocean resolution is an important consideration when developing coupled models for weather and climate applications.
Jun She, Icarus Allen, Erik Buch, Alessandro Crise, Johnny A. Johannessen, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Urmas Lips, Glenn Nolan, Nadia Pinardi, Jan H. Reißmann, John Siddorn, Emil Stanev, and Henning Wehde
Ocean Sci., 12, 953–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-953-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-953-2016, 2016
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This white paper addresses key scientific challenges and research priorities for the development of operational oceanography in Europe for the next 5–10 years. Knowledge gaps and deficiencies are identified in relation to common scientific challenges in four EuroGOOS knowledge areas: European ocean observations, modelling and forecasting technology, coastal operational oceanography, and operational ecology.
Heather Cannaby, Matthew D. Palmer, Tom Howard, Lucy Bricheno, Daley Calvert, Justin Krijnen, Richard Wood, Jonathan Tinker, Chris Bunney, James Harle, Andrew Saulter, Clare O'Neill, Clare Bellingham, and Jason Lowe
Ocean Sci., 12, 613–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-613-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-613-2016, 2016
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The Singapore government commissioned a modelling study of regional projections of changes in (i) long-term mean sea level and (ii) the frequency of extreme storm surge and wave events. We find that changes to long-term mean sea level constitute the dominant signal of change to the projected inundation risk for Singapore during the 21st century, these being 0.52 m(0.74 m) under the RCP 4.5(8.5) scenario.
J. R. Siddorn, S. A. Good, C. M. Harris, H. W. Lewis, J. Maksymczuk, M. J. Martin, and A. Saulter
Ocean Sci., 12, 217–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-217-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-217-2016, 2016
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The Met Office provides a range of services in the marine environment. To support these services, and to ensure they evolve to meet the demands of users and are based on the best available science, a number of scientific challenges need to be addressed. The paper summarises the key challenges, and highlights some priorities for the ocean monitoring and forecasting research group at the Met Office.
M. Haller, F. Janssen, J. Siddorn, W. Petersen, and S. Dick
Ocean Sci., 11, 879–896, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-879-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-879-2015, 2015
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Automated measurement systems called FerryBox are installed on cargo ships in the North Sea. Operational model forecasts have been compared to FerryBox data of water temperature and salinity. We wanted to know how well the simulations agree with the observations. We found out that water temperature simulation gives satisfying results, while salinity simulation still could be improved. It turned out that assimilation of observational data into operational models gives strong benefits.
C. Heuzé, J. K. Ridley, D. Calvert, D. P. Stevens, and K. J. Heywood
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3119–3130, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3119-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3119-2015, 2015
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Most ocean models, including NEMO, have unrealistic Southern Ocean deep convection. That is, through extensive areas of the Southern Ocean, they exhibit convection from the surface of the ocean to the sea floor. We find this convection to be an issue as it impacts the whole ocean circulation, notably strengthening the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Using sensitivity experiments, we show that counter-intuitively the vertical mixing needs to be enhanced to reduce this spurious convection.
R. Marsh, V. O. Ivchenko, N. Skliris, S. Alderson, G. R. Bigg, G. Madec, A. T. Blaker, Y. Aksenov, B. Sinha, A. C. Coward, J. Le Sommer, N. Merino, and V. B. Zalesny
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1547–1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1547-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1547-2015, 2015
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Calved icebergs account for around 50% of total freshwater input to the ocean from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. As they melt, icebergs interact with the ocean. We have developed and tested interactive icebergs in a state-of-the-art global ocean model, showing how sea ice, temperatures, and currents are disturbed by iceberg melting. With this new model capability, we are better prepared to predict how future increases in iceberg numbers might influence the oceans and climate.
K. D. Williams, C. M. Harris, A. Bodas-Salcedo, J. Camp, R. E. Comer, D. Copsey, D. Fereday, T. Graham, R. Hill, T. Hinton, P. Hyder, S. Ineson, G. Masato, S. F. Milton, M. J. Roberts, D. P. Rowell, C. Sanchez, A. Shelly, B. Sinha, D. N. Walters, A. West, T. Woollings, and P. K. Xavier
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1509–1524, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015, 2015
E. W. Blockley, M. J. Martin, A. J. McLaren, A. G. Ryan, J. Waters, D. J. Lea, I. Mirouze, K. A. Peterson, A. Sellar, and D. Storkey
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2613–2638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2613-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2613-2014, 2014
I. A. Dmitrenko, S. A. Kirillov, N. Serra, N. V. Koldunov, V. V. Ivanov, U. Schauer, I. V. Polyakov, D. Barber, M. Janout, V. S. Lien, M. Makhotin, and Y. Aksenov
Ocean Sci., 10, 719–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-719-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-719-2014, 2014
F. Wobus, G. I. Shapiro, J. M. Huthnance, M. A. M. Maqueda, and Y. Aksenov
Ocean Sci., 9, 885–899, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-885-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-885-2013, 2013
J. J.-M. Hirschi, A. T. Blaker, B. Sinha, A. Coward, B. de Cuevas, S. Alderson, and G. Madec
Ocean Sci., 9, 805–823, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-805-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-805-2013, 2013
G. Shapiro, M. Luneva, J. Pickering, and D. Storkey
Ocean Sci., 9, 377–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-377-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-377-2013, 2013
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Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4013–4030, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4013-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4013-2019, 2019
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The response of barrier islands to sea level rise depends on their ability to move landward through the transport of sediment from the beach to the back barrier. The BRIE model simulates these processes and the resulting landward movement of barrier islands. The novelty of the BRIE model is the incorporation of tidal inlets (gaps between barrier islands) that can transport sediment landward and therefore help keep barrier islands above sea level.
Bjarne Büchmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3915–3922, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3915-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3915-2019, 2019
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Operational forecasting of the ocean state – e.g. used for ship route planning, sea rescue, and oil spill drift models – relies on data (forcing) obtained from weather forecasting. Unfortunately, the so-called meteorological analysis step introduces a discontinuity, which affects the ocean models adversely. In the present paper, a straightforward method to deal with the issue is introduced. Practical examples are given to illuminate the scale of the problem.
Philippe Delandmeter and Erik van Sebille
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3571–3584, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3571-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3571-2019, 2019
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Parcels is a framework to compute how ocean currents transport
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Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Arne Biastoch, Claus W. Böning, Jérôme Chanut, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, Klaus Getzlaff, Jan Harlaß, Jan K. Rieck, Christina Roth, Markus M. Scheinert, and René Schubert
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3329–3355, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3329-2019, 2019
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A family of nested global ocean general circulation model configurations, the INALT family, has been established with resolutions of 1/10°, 1/20° and 1/60° in the South Atlantic and western Indian oceans, covering the greater Agulhas Current (AC) system. The INALT family provides a consistent set of configurations that allows to address eddy dynamics in the AC system and their impact on the large-scale ocean circulation.
Thomas Rackow, Dmitry V. Sein, Tido Semmler, Sergey Danilov, Nikolay V. Koldunov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Qiang Wang, and Thomas Jung
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2635–2656, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2635-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2635-2019, 2019
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Current climate models show errors in the deep ocean that are larger than the level of natural variability and the response to enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. These errors are larger than the signals we aim to predict. With the AWI Climate Model, we show that increasing resolution to resolve eddies can lead to major reductions in deep ocean errors. AWI's next-generation (CMIP6) model configuration will thus use locally eddy-resolving computational grids for projecting climate change.
Keith J. Roberts, William J. Pringle, and Joannes J. Westerink
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1847–1868, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1847-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1847-2019, 2019
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Computer simulations can be used to reproduce the dynamics of the ocean near the coast. These simulations often use a mesh of triangles to represent the domain since they can be orientated and disparately sized in such a way to accurately fit the coastline shape. This paper describes a software package (OceanMesh2D v1.0) that has been developed in order to automatically and objectively design triangular meshes based on geospatial data inputs that represent the coastline and ocean depths.
Pearse J. Buchanan, Richard J. Matear, Zanna Chase, Steven J. Phipps, and Nathan L. Bindoff
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1491–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1491-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1491-2019, 2019
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Oceanic sediment cores are commonly used to understand past climates. The composition of the sediments changes with the ocean above it. An understanding of oceanographic conditions that existed many thousands of years ago, in some cases many millions of years ago, can therefore be extracted from sediment cores. We simulate two chemical signatures (13C and 15N) of sediment cores in a model. This study assesses the model before it is applied to reinterpret the sedimentary record.
Carlos Rocha, Christopher A. Edwards, Moninya Roughan, Paulina Cetina-Heredia, and Colette Kerry
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 441–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-441-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-441-2019, 2019
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Off southeast Australia, the East Australian Current (EAC) moves warm nutrient-poor waters towards the pole. In this region, the EAC and a large number of vortices pinching off it strongly affect phytoplankton’s access to nutrients and light. To study these dynamics, we created a numerical model that is able to solve the ocean conditions and how they modulate the foundation of the region’s ecosystem. We validated model results against available data and this showed that the model performs well.
Robinson Hordoir, Lars Axell, Anders Höglund, Christian Dieterich, Filippa Fransner, Matthias Gröger, Ye Liu, Per Pemberton, Semjon Schimanke, Helen Andersson, Patrik Ljungemyr, Petter Nygren, Saeed Falahat, Adam Nord, Anette Jönsson, Iréne Lake, Kristofer Döös, Magnus Hieronymus, Heiner Dietze, Ulrike Löptien, Ivan Kuznetsov, Antti Westerlund, Laura Tuomi, and Jari Haapala
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 363–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-363-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-363-2019, 2019
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Nemo-Nordic is a regional ocean model based on a community code (NEMO). It covers the Baltic and the North Sea area and is used as a forecast model by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. It is also used as a research tool by scientists of several countries to study, for example, the effects of climate change on the Baltic and North seas. Using such a model permits us to understand key processes in this coastal ecosystem and how such processes will change in a future climate.
Hagen Radtke, Marko Lipka, Dennis Bunke, Claudia Morys, Jana Woelfel, Bronwyn Cahill, Michael E. Böttcher, Stefan Forster, Thomas Leipe, Gregor Rehder, and Thomas Neumann
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 275–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-275-2019, 2019
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This paper describes a coupled benthic–pelagic biogeochemical model, ERGOM-SED. We demonstrate its use in a one-dimensional physical model, which is horizontally integrated and vertically resolved. We describe the application of the model to seven stations in the south-western Baltic Sea. The model was calibrated using pore water profiles from these stations. We compare the model results to these and to measured sediment compositions, benthopelagic fluxes and bioturbation intensities.
Heiner Dietze, Ulrike Löptien, and Julia Getzlaff
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-297, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-297, 2019
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
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We present a new near-global coupled biogeochemical ocean-circulation model configuration. The configuration is cutting-edge in that it features both a relatively equilibrated oceanic carbon inventory and a realistic representation of mesoscale eddies. In this paper we document the model configuration and showcase its potential to tackle research questions such as the Southern Ocean Carbon uptake dynamics on decadal timescales and providing boundary conditions to ice-sheet models.
Dale Partridge, Tobias Friedrich, and Brian S. Powell
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 195–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-195-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-195-2019, 2019
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This paper demonstrates the improvements made to an operational ocean forecast model around the Hawaiian Islands by performing a reanalysis of the model over a 10-year period. Using a number of different measurements we show the role a variety of observations play in producing the forecast, in particular the contribution of high-frequency radar.
Tuomas Kärnä, Stephan C. Kramer, Lawrence Mitchell, David A. Ham, Matthew D. Piggott, and António M. Baptista
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4359–4382, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4359-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4359-2018, 2018
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Unstructured meshes are attractive for coastal ocean modeling, as they allow more accurate representation of complex coastal topography. Unstructured mesh models are, however, often perceived as slow and inaccurate. We present a novel discontinuous Galerkin ocean model: Thetis. We demonstrate that the model is able to simulate baroclinic ocean flows with high accuracy on a triangular prismatic mesh. This work paves the way for highly accurate and efficient three-dimensional coastal ocean models.
Paul Sandery
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4011–4019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4011-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4011-2018, 2018
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This article compares global mesoscale ocean forecasts with different data assimilation cycle lengths. Mean absolute increment is used to quantify differences in the overall impact of observations. Greater observation impact does not necessarily improve a forecast system. Experiments show a 1-day cycle generates improved 7-day forecasts when compared to a 3-day cycle. Cycle length is an important choice that influences system bias and predictability.
Daniel Boettger, Robin Robertson, and Gary B. Brassington
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3795–3805, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3795-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3795-2018, 2018
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This study focuses on the impact of the model vertical mixing parameterisation on the representation of the mixed layer depth (MLD) in ocean forecast models. We compare data from two recent versions of the OceanMAPS forecast system, and find that while there were large improvements in the later version of the model, the skill of each parameterisation varies with spatial location.
Marco van Hulten, Jean-Claude Dutay, and Matthieu Roy-Barman
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3537–3556, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3537-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3537-2018, 2018
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We present an ocean model of the natural radioactive isotopes thorium-230 and protactinium-231. These isotopes are often used to investigate past ocean circulation and particle transport. They are removed by particles produced by plankton and from uplifted desert dust that is deposited into the ocean. We approach observed dissolved and adsorbed Th-230 and Pa-231 activities. The Pa-231 / Th-230 sedimentation ratio is reproduced as well; this quantity can be used as a proxy for ocean circulation.
Dion Häfner, René Løwe Jacobsen, Carsten Eden, Mads R. B. Kristensen, Markus Jochum, Roman Nuterman, and Brian Vinter
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3299–3312, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3299-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3299-2018, 2018
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Well-performing, easy-to-use ocean models are a central ingredient to further the understanding of our Earth and climate. Veros, the versatile ocean simulator, is the first full-blown ocean model entirely written in the high-level programming language Python. It is considerably more approachable than traditional Fortran models and leverages modern best practices; at the same time, thanks to the Bohrium framework, Veros is about half as fast as a reference implementation in Fortran 90.
Christopher R. Sherwood, Alfredo L. Aretxabaleta, Courtney K. Harris, J. Paul Rinehimer, Romaric Verney, and Bénédicte Ferré
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1849–1871, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1849-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1849-2018, 2018
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Cohesive sediment (mud) is ubiquitous in the world's coastal regions, but its behavior is complicated and often oversimplified by computer models. This paper describes extensions to a widely used open-source coastal ocean model that allow users to simulate important components of cohesive sediment transport.
Knut-Frode Dagestad, Johannes Röhrs, Øyvind Breivik, and Bjørn Ådlandsvik
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1405–1420, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1405-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1405-2018, 2018
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We have developed a computer code with ability to predict how various substances and objects drift in the ocean. This may be used to, e.g. predict the drift of oil to aid cleanup operations, the drift of man-over-board or lifeboats to aid search and rescue operations, or the drift of fish eggs and larvae to understand and manage fish stocks. This new code merges all such applications into one software tool, allowing to optimise and channel any available resources and developments.
Qiang Wang, Claudia Wekerle, Sergey Danilov, Xuezhu Wang, and Thomas Jung
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1229–1255, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1229-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1229-2018, 2018
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For developing a system for Arctic research, we evaluate the Arctic Ocean simulated by FESOM. We use two global meshes differing in the horizontal resolution only in the Arctic Ocean (24 vs. 4.5 km). The high resolution significantly improves the model's representation of the Arctic Ocean. The most pronounced improvement is in the Arctic intermediate layer. The high resolution also improves the ocean surface circulation, mainly through a better representation of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Jennifer A. Graham, Enda O'Dea, Jason Holt, Jeff Polton, Helene T. Hewitt, Rachel Furner, Karen Guihou, Ashley Brereton, Alex Arnold, Sarah Wakelin, Juan Manuel Castillo Sanchez, and C. Gabriela Mayorga Adame
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 681–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-681-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-681-2018, 2018
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This paper describes the next-generation ocean forecast model for the European NW shelf, AMM15 (Atlantic Margin Model, 1.5 km resolution). The current forecast system has a resolution of 7 km. While this is sufficient to represent large-scale circulation, many dynamical features (such as eddies, frontal jets, and internal tides) can only begin to be resolved at 0–1 km resolution. Here we introduce AMM15 and demonstrate its ability to represent the mean state and variability of the region.
Julien Chauchat, Zhen Cheng, Tim Nagel, Cyrille Bonamy, and Tian-Jian Hsu
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4367–4392, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4367-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4367-2017, 2017
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This manuscript presents the development and validation of a two-phase flow Eulerian-Eulerian model based on OpenFOAM for sediment transport applications. The mathematical and numerical models are described in detail. The numerical implementation is demonstrated on four test cases: sedimentation of suspended particles, laminar bed load, sheet flow, and scour at an apron. These test cases illustrate the capabilities of SedFoam to deal with complex turbulent sediment transport problems.
Michael Lange and Erik van Sebille
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4175–4186, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4175-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4175-2017, 2017
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Here, we present version 0.9 of Parcels (Probably A Really Computationally Efficient Lagrangian Simulator). Parcels is an experimental prototype code aimed at exploring novel approaches for Lagrangian tracking of virtual ocean particles in the petascale age. The modularity, flexibility and scalability will allow the code to be used to track water, nutrients, microbes, plankton, plastic and even fish.
Inti Pelupessy, Ben van Werkhoven, Arjen van Elteren, Jan Viebahn, Adam Candy, Simon Portegies Zwart, and Henk Dijkstra
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3167–3187, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3167-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3167-2017, 2017
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Researchers from the Netherlands present OMUSE, a software package
developed from core technology originating in the astrophysical
community. Using OMUSE, oceanographic and climate researchers can
develop numerical models of the ocean and the interactions between
different parts of the ocean and the atmosphere. This provides a novel
way to investigate, for example, the local effects of climate change on
the ocean. OMUSE is freely available as open-source software.
Enda O'Dea, Rachel Furner, Sarah Wakelin, John Siddorn, James While, Peter Sykes, Robert King, Jason Holt, and Helene Hewitt
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2947–2969, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2947-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2947-2017, 2017
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An update to an ocean modelling configuration for the European North West Shelf is described. It is assessed against observations and climatologies for 1981–2012. Sensitivities in the model configuration updates are assessed to understand changes in the model system. The model improves upon an existing model of the region, although there remain some areas with significant biases. The paper highlights the dependence upon the quality of the river inputs.
Pierre Mathiot, Adrian Jenkins, Christopher Harris, and Gurvan Madec
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2849–2874, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2849-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2849-2017, 2017
John Marshall, Jeffery Scott, and Andrey Proshutinsky
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2833–2848, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2833-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2833-2017, 2017
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A coordinated set of Arctic modeling experiments is proposed which explores how the Arctic responds to abrupt changes in external forcing by computing
climate response functions(CRFs). We illustrate the approach in the context of a coarse-resolution model of the Arctic and conclude by encouraging other modeling groups to compute CRFs with their own models so that we might begin to document how robust they are to model formulation, resolution, and parameterization.
Yoeri M. Dijkstra, Ronald L. Brouwer, Henk M. Schuttelaars, and George P. Schramkowski
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2691–2713, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2691-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2691-2017, 2017
Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Querin, Cosimo Solidoro, Gianmaria Sannino, Paolo Lazzari, Valeria Di Biagio, and Giorgio Bolzon
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1423–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, 2017
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The BFMCOUPLER (v1.0) is a coupling scheme that links the MITgcm and BFM models for ocean biogeochemistry simulations. The online coupling is based on an open-source code characterizd by a modular structure. Modularity preserves the potentials of the two models, allowing for a sustainable programming effort to handle future evolutions in the two codes. The BFMCOUPLER code is released along with an idealized problem (a cyclonic gyre in a mid-latitude closed basin).
Laurent Bessières, Stéphanie Leroux, Jean-Michel Brankart, Jean-Marc Molines, Marie-Pierre Moine, Pierre-Antoine Bouttier, Thierry Penduff, Laurent Terray, Bernard Barnier, and Guillaume Sérazin
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1091–1106, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1091-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1091-2017, 2017
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A new, probabilistic version of an ocean modelling system has been implemented in order to simulate the chaotic and the atmospherically forced contributions to the ocean variability. For that purpose, a large ensemble of global hindcasts has been performed. Results illustrate the importance of the oceanic chaos on climate-related oceanic indices, and the relevance of such probabilistic ocean modelling approaches to anticipating the behaviour of the next generation of coupled climate models.
Samuel D. Parkinson, Simon W. Funke, Jon Hill, Matthew D. Piggott, and Peter A. Allison
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1051–1068, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1051-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1051-2017, 2017
Petteri Uotila, Doroteaciro Iovino, Martin Vancoppenolle, Mikko Lensu, and Clement Rousset
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1009–1031, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1009-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1009-2017, 2017
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We performed ocean model simulations with new and old sea-ice components. Sea ice improved in the new model compared to the earlier one due to better model physics. In the ocean, the largest differences are confined close to the surface within and near the sea-ice zone. The global ocean circulation slowly deviates between the simulations due to dissimilar sea ice in the deep water formation regions, such as the North Atlantic and Antarctic.
Sergey Danilov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Qiang Wang, and Thomas Jung
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 765–789, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-765-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-765-2017, 2017
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Numerical models of global ocean circulation are used to learn about future climate. The ocean circulation is characterized by processes on different spatial scales which are still beyond the reach of present computers. We describe a new model setup that allows one to vary a model's spatial resolution and hence focus the computational power on regional dynamics, reaching a better description of local processes in areas of interest.
Evgeniy V. Yakushev, Elizaveta A. Protsenko, Jorn Bruggeman, Philip Wallhead, Svetlana V. Pakhomova, Shamil Kh. Yakubov, Richard G. J. Bellerby, and Raoul-Marie Couture
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 453–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-453-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-453-2017, 2017
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This paper presents a new benthic–pelagic biogeochemical model (BROM) that combines a relatively simple pelagic ecosystem model with a detailed biogeochemical model of the coupled cycles of N, P, Si, C, O, S, Mn, Fe in the water column, benthic boundary layer, and sediments, with a focus on oxygen and redox state. BROM should be of interest for the study of a range of environmental applications in addition to hypoxia, such as benthic nutrient recycling, redox biogeochemistry, and eutrophication.
Jason Holt, Patrick Hyder, Mike Ashworth, James Harle, Helene T. Hewitt, Hedong Liu, Adrian L. New, Stephen Pickles, Andrew Porter, Ekaterina Popova, J. Icarus Allen, John Siddorn, and Richard Wood
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 499–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-499-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-499-2017, 2017
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Accurately representing coastal and shelf seas in global ocean models is one of the grand challenges of Earth system science. Here, we explore what the options are for improving this by exploring what the important physical processes are that need to be represented. We use a simple scale analysis to investigate how large the resulting models would need to be. We then compare this with how computer power is increasing to provide estimates of when this might be feasible in the future.
Esteban Acevedo-Trejos, Gunnar Brandt, S. Lan Smith, and Agostino Merico
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4071–4085, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4071-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4071-2016, 2016
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Marine phytoplankton plays a prominent role in regulating Earth’s climate. Numerical models are important tools that help us investigate the interactions between these microbes and their environment. We proposed PhytoSFDM as an open-source model to quantify size structure and functional diversity of marine phytoplankton communities. This tool allows us, in a manageable and computationally efficient way, to study patterns in planktonic ecosystems and their feedbacks with a changing environment.
Colette Kerry, Brian Powell, Moninya Roughan, and Peter Oke
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3779–3801, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3779-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3779-2016, 2016
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Ocean circulation drives weather and climate and supports marine ecosystems, so providing accurate predictions is important. The ocean circulation is complex, 3-D and highly variable, and its prediction requires advanced numerical models combined with real-time measurements. Focusing on the dynamic East Austr. Current, we use novel mathematical techniques to combine an ocean model with measurements to better estimate the circulation. This is an important step towards improving ocean forecasts.
Peter R. Oke, Roger Proctor, Uwe Rosebrock, Richard Brinkman, Madeleine L. Cahill, Ian Coghlan, Prasanth Divakaran, Justin Freeman, Charitha Pattiaratchi, Moninya Roughan, Paul A. Sandery, Amandine Schaeffer, and Sarath Wijeratne
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3297–3307, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3297-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3297-2016, 2016
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The Marine Virtual Laboratory (MARVL) is designed to help ocean modellers hit the ground running. Usually, setting up an ocean model involves a handful of technical steps that time and effort. MARVL provides a user-friendly interface that allows users to choose what options they want for their model, including the region, time period, and input data sets. The user then hits "go", and MARVL does the rest – delivering a "take-away bundle" that contains all the files needed to run the model.
Doroteaciro Iovino, Simona Masina, Andrea Storto, Andrea Cipollone, and Vladimir N. Stepanov
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2665–2684, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2665-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2665-2016, 2016
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An 11-year simulation of a global eddying ocean (1/16) configuration is presented. Model performance is evaluated against observations and a twin 1/4 configuration. The model realistically represents the variability at upper and intermediate depths, the position and strength of the surface circulation, and exchanges of mass through key passages. Sea ice properties are close to satellite observations. This simulation constitutes the groundwork for future applications to short range ocean forecasting.
Elodie Gutknecht, Guillaume Reffray, Marion Gehlen, Iis Triyulianti, Dessy Berlianty, and Philippe Gaspar
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1523–1543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1523-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1523-2016, 2016
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An operational ocean forecasting system was developed to monitor the state of the Indonesian seas in terms of circulation, biogeochemistry and fisheries (INDESO project). Here we describe the skill assessment of the physical-biogeochemical coupled model configuration. Model results reproduce the main characteristics of biogeochemical tracer distributions in space and time: phasing of chlorophyll bloom, nutrient and oxygen distributions, water mass transformation across the archipelago.
Benoît Tranchant, Guillaume Reffray, Eric Greiner, Dwiyoga Nugroho, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, and Philippe Gaspar
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1037–1064, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1037-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1037-2016, 2016
P. Katsafados, A. Papadopoulos, G. Korres, and G. Varlas
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 161–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-161-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-161-2016, 2016
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This paper includes the entire steps and processes to develop a two-way fully coupled atmosphere-ocean wave model (WEW) aiming a better description and understanding of the exchange processes near the ocean surface. WEW offers a more realistic representation of the extreme weather and sea state events over the ocean bodies and finally leads in an overall improved simulations.
R. Marsh, A. E. Hickman, and J. Sharples
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3163–3178, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3163-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3163-2015, 2015
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Our relatively shallow shelf seas are warmed at the surface in spring and summer, while strong tidal currents act to mix away the surface warmth. These competing effects strongly influence the conditions for seasonal growth of the phytoplankton that support marine food webs. We have developed a versatile framework for fast computer modelling of shelf seas, to explore seasonal and year-to-year variations of warming and plankton productivity, tested against observations in different regions.
G. Forget, J.-M. Campin, P. Heimbach, C. N. Hill, R. M. Ponte, and C. Wunsch
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3071–3104, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3071-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3071-2015, 2015
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The ECCO v4 non-linear inverse modeling framework and its reference solution are made publicly available. The inverse estimate of ocean physics and atmospheric forcing yields a dynamically consistent and global state estimate without unidentified sources of heat and salt that closely fits in situ and satellite data. Any user can reproduce it accurately. Parametric and external model uncertainties are of comparable magnitudes and generally exceed structural model uncertainties.
C. Heuzé, J. K. Ridley, D. Calvert, D. P. Stevens, and K. J. Heywood
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3119–3130, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3119-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3119-2015, 2015
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Most ocean models, including NEMO, have unrealistic Southern Ocean deep convection. That is, through extensive areas of the Southern Ocean, they exhibit convection from the surface of the ocean to the sea floor. We find this convection to be an issue as it impacts the whole ocean circulation, notably strengthening the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Using sensitivity experiments, we show that counter-intuitively the vertical mixing needs to be enhanced to reduce this spurious convection.
E. Akoglu, S. Libralato, B. Salihoglu, T. Oguz, and C. Solidoro
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2687–2699, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2687-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2687-2015, 2015
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Ecosystem-based marine management requires coupling/integrating multiple models in one unified scheme. The widely adopted Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) is potentially a crucial high trophic level component of such schemes. However, being written in Visual Basic, integration of EwE with physical and/or biogeochemical oceanographic models, which were mostly written in Fortran, is complicated. We release a re-coding of EwE in Fortran (EwE-F) so as to facilitate its coupling/integration in such schemes.
A. Samuelsen, C. Hansen, and H. Wehde
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2187–2202, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2187-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2187-2015, 2015
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Biogeochemical models are increasingly used in forecasting systems. They provide parameter fields such as nutrients, chlorophyll and oxygen for scientific use and for marine management. This paper describes a model currently used for forecasting the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans on a weekly basis and the evaluation of this model against observations. The model provides reliable fields of nutrients, while the predicted phytoplankton fields are still connected with large uncertainties.
S. Danilov, Q. Wang, R. Timmermann, N. Iakovlev, D. Sidorenko, M. Kimmritz, T. Jung, and J. Schröter
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1747–1761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1747-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1747-2015, 2015
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Unstructured meshes allow multi-resolution modeling of ocean dynamics. Sea ice models formulated on unstructured meshes are a necessary component of ocean models intended for climate studies. This work presents a description of a finite-element sea ice model which is used as a component of a finite-element sea ice ocean circulation model. The principles underlying its design can be of interest to other groups pursuing ocean modelling on unstructured meshes.
F. Dupont, S. Higginson, R. Bourdallé-Badie, Y. Lu, F. Roy, G. C. Smith, J.-F. Lemieux, G. Garric, and F. Davidson
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1577–1594, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1577-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1577-2015, 2015
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1/12th degree resolution runs of Arctic--Atlantic were compared for the period 2003-2009. We found good representation of sea surface height and of its statistics; model temperature and salinity in general agreement with in situ measurements, but upper ocean properties in Beaufort Sea are challenging; distribution of concentration and volume of sea ice is improved when slowing down the ice and further improvements require better initial conditions and modifications to mixing.
R. Marsh, V. O. Ivchenko, N. Skliris, S. Alderson, G. R. Bigg, G. Madec, A. T. Blaker, Y. Aksenov, B. Sinha, A. C. Coward, J. Le Sommer, N. Merino, and V. B. Zalesny
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1547–1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1547-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1547-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Calved icebergs account for around 50% of total freshwater input to the ocean from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. As they melt, icebergs interact with the ocean. We have developed and tested interactive icebergs in a state-of-the-art global ocean model, showing how sea ice, temperatures, and currents are disturbed by iceberg melting. With this new model capability, we are better prepared to predict how future increases in iceberg numbers might influence the oceans and climate.
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