Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China

Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada

Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada

Laboratory for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China

Department of Geography and Global Environmental and Climate Change Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0B9, Canada

Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada

Center for Climate Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA

Institute for the study of Earth, Ocean and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada

Laboratory for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China

Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden

School of Geography and Earth Sciences and McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada

Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China